Effects that plants growing in overcrowded conditions

Effects that plants growing in overcrowded conditions This report is examining the effects that plants growing in overcrowded conditions go through and what affects overcrowding has on seedlings making comparisons to plants which have been grown in normal/ideal special conditions. It also includes literature research into the different methods which are used for the growth of plants in both commercial settings and private setting and which method suits this investigation s purposes best. It gives results in both observational and quantitative ways and explains/gives definitions for words that may not have been understood. Introduction: This is an investigation to discover what happens to a plant population of germinating seeds that are grown in overcrowded conditions compared to the germination of seeds that are grown in an area where they are sufficient nutrients, space and light. Literature research: Terms: Germination the beginning of growth for a seed , the beginnings of a new plant 1 Loam soil soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration. Loam soils generally contain more nutrients and humus than sandy soils, have better infiltration and drainage than silty soils, and are easier to till than clay soils. Loams are gritty, moist, and retain water easily. 2 Horticulture the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings. 3 Overcrowding when the number of organisms exceed the carrying capacity of an area (in this investigation it will be the soil) 4 Vermiculite any of a group micaceous hydrated silicate minerals related to the chlorites and used in heat-expanded form as insulation and as a planting medium. 5 Hydroponics the cultivation of plants in a nutrient-rich solution, rather than in soil, and under controlled conditions of light, temperature, and humidity. Also called aquaculture. 6 Ideal germination conditions for 3 plant species: 1. Radish (Raphanus sativus) sandy loam soil that has been tilled is ideal for germination and growth, seeds need to be planted at the write depth for the seed to germinate properly, 1cm for small radishes and 4cm for large radishes. Will germinate between 3 and 7 days and is ready for harvesting in about 4 weeks. 2. Pea (Pisum sativum) soak the seed in water for about 4 hours before planting it, plant the seeds in rows. The seeds should be planted about 2cm deep between 6 -8 cm apart. Water them daily as they require lots and use organic mulch. 3. California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) sow in soil that is in full sun, these poppies like soil that is of a poor soil condition. Sow directly onto the soil and then dig the seeds in and add water and germination will begin within a few days. Germination methods used by horticulturalists Method Pro s Con s Growth in cotton wool Can observe the germination process easily The roots become entangled in the cotton wool and it may become difficult to remove the seed from the cotton wool Growth in vermiculite Adds nutrients to the plants environment Holds water very well so that plants don t experience a shortage Research shows no disadvantages Hydroponics No soil is needed Nutrient levels in the water are control for each type of plant Stable and large yields of plants No major pest problems Plants may become infected with Verticillium wilt due to the high moisture levels Water and nutrient costs may be expensive Evidence and measurement of growth in plants: Measuring the space between the internodes of along the stem of the plant Measuring the size of the leaves, by measuring the length of the leaves along its mid vein to the node where it connects to the stem Counting the number of leaves on the plant Checking the weight of the plant (will not be used in this investigation as it requires a large number of plants and will result in plants being removed from the soil so that they can be weighted, this will most likely result in the death of the plant.). Possible effects of overcrowding: Radish size of the root (part which is harvested) will be greatly reduced, size of the leaves will be small and few leaves will be present, very tall stems. Pea reduced size and number of leaves, flowering rate will be reduced, pods will be greatly reduced in size California poppy lives very well in malnourished soil and in overcrowded conditions How may overcrowding be overcome by the plant? Will grow tall thin stems and try to grow higher than other plants, roots system will be very small. Stems as a result of being tall and thin are unable to support the weight of the leaves and the plant collapses. Horticulturalists solve the problem of overcrowding by providing the plants with sufficient resources that they require for grow. They also remove the plants from the greenhouses before them become too big. If overcrowding does occur they separate the plants and give them sufficient space, they will also dispose of any weak plants that will not grow properly. Investigation: Hypothesis: The overcrowded plants will develop weak stems and their growth rates will be hampered due to lack of nutrients. Aim: To investigate the effects of overcrowding on germinating seeds and the effects of overcrowding on the growth of seedlings. Variables: Independent variable the number of radish seeds planted in each seedling tray. Dependent variable the growth of the plants in terms of their stem length and size of their leaves. Fixed variables the size of the seedlings trays must be the same size, the amount of soil placed in the seedling trays is filled to the same point, the amount of water given to each seedling tray must be equal in this case 500ml every 2nd day. Apparatus: Two seedling trays Potting soil Radish seeds Ruler/measuring tape Water Camera Method: Fill two equally sized seedling trays with sand to the same point. Moisten the soil and prepare it for planting the seeds. Using Radish seeds, plant 9 seeds in the 1st tray using the conditions indicated on the back of the seeds packaging then in the 2nd tray plant at least 45 seeds in close proximity to each other. Once seeds have been planted place the trays in a hot house Once germination has taken place and the plants have begun growing out of the soil measure the length of the stem and the length of the mid-vein in the leaves every 4 days. Measure the growth of the plants over a period of 40 days Results: Observations: Seeds were plant the 26th January 2011 After 2 days the soil began to lift in the overcrowded tray On the 3rd day the seedling were beginning to emerge from the soil in the overcrowded tray On the 5th day the seedling in the ideal conditions tray began to emerge from the soil The overcrowded seedlings grew at a very fast rate in comparison to the ideal conditions seedling The growth rate of the overcrowded population plants slowed down where as the ideal conditions population plants grew at a steady rate On the night of the 15th of February 2011 the majority of the ideal conditions plant population s and some the overcrowded plants population s where eaten, possibly by slugs Seedling trays were removed from the hot house so that they remain plants would survive and so the damaged ones could recover Damaged plant s stems began to shrink as the secondary leaves were getting ready to grow, once the secondary leaves had begun to grow larger and the plants were receiving food from being able to photosynthesis again, the stems began growing taller again In the overcrowded tray the smaller plants stopped growing and the larger plants began to go limp as their stems became too long and too thin to support the weight of the leaves Some of the overcrowded plants began to experience their leaves going yellow and the plants starting to die off due to lack of resources See appendix figure 4 for picture of leaves yellowing Quantitative results: For tables of results see appendix Figure 1 Figure 2 Discussion: The length of the leaves in the ideal conditions plant population on the 16th day was so low compared to the leaves length on the 12th day due to the leaves having been eaten two days earlier by suspected to be slugs. The greater growth rate experienced in the overcrowded plant population in the first few days was most likely caused by chemical released by the seeds to encourage growth and as they are in such close proximity and there are so many it may cause them to have an overload of the chemical resulting the extremely fast initial growth rate. Conclusion: The overcrowded plants grew at faster rate than that of the ideal conditions plants yet the overcrowded plants became weak very quickly and as a result weaker plants remained small or died and taller plants grew flimsy. The ideal plants grew to be stronger and healthier plants despite that they were partially eaten.

A NEW TREND IN REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT. :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BY. TJ WHITE What could be more perfect than owning a luxury vacation home at a world class resort and receiving rental income whenever you aren't using it? Condo hotels are the newest trend in vacation home ownership. Live in it when you're there, and rent it out when you are not. So how do condo-hotels differ from owning a traditional condominium or vacation apartment? They aren't your typical second homes. They are beautifully furnished condominium suites in some of the most famous hotels and resorts all around the US. The properties are typically large, high-rise, luxury hotels. Prices can range from $250,000 to over $1 million for prime condo hotel properties. When the owners of condo-hotel units aren't using their units, they have the option of placing their unit into the hotel's rental program. This is what makes the program so attractive. While the developer doesn't guarantee the rental of the unit, by capitalizing on a hotel's name recognition, advertising, national affiliations, centralized reservation system and management expertise, most unit owners typically receive a higher level of rental income than they would from a traditional vacation home. As part of the rental agreement, the hotel pays for most operating expenses such as marketing, housekeeping, and administrative costs. The condo-hotel owner typically pays for insurance, real estate taxes, and capital improvements. Condo-hotels are typically large, high-rise, luxury hotel buildings operated by big names such as Four Seasons, Ritz-Carlton, Sonesta, Starwood, Hilton, Trump and Rosewood. Each condo-hotel unit is sold to individual investors who may use their unit for a specified amount of time, and when not used the investor has the option of placing it into an organized rental program. Rental revenue is shared with the operator and helps defray the unit owner's expenses. Unit owners are more likely to receive a higher level of rental income by being in a rental program with a recognized professional operator because of the hotel's national affiliation, its reservation system, brand recognition, and management expertise. The original developer intends to sell the units. For that reason features are generally added to enhance the appeal of units to potential buyers. These include spas, health and fitness centers, and business centers. Many condo hotels also offer an expanded array of services such as a concierge, valet and maid service. Most condo-hotels are located in seasonal resort areas. South Florida is one of the country's hottest markets with world-famous resorts like the Fontainebleau, the Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne, Trump International and Four Seasons leading the way.

Velázquez’s Las Meninas

The work of art of Diego Velasquez de Silva entitled Las Meninas is claimed to be the â€Å"Theology of painting† by art critic Luca Giordano. Other art critic such as Palomino states that Las Meninas was â€Å"truth, not painting† and Tà ©ophile Gautier says that â€Å"wondered where the picture was†. Las Meninas interpretations were made even for other fields such as mathematics, moral politics, politics and astrology. Many questions had also risen from the painting that were given with other long names before it was finally called Las Meninas derived from the Portuguese word for Maids of Honour of the Royal children in the 17th century.One of these questions was who and what was the portrait being painted in front of the canvass being hidden from us. Is it the royal couple being painted, or is it really the royal princess being the one prepared to be painted? The figures painted in Las Meninas suggest to me that Diego Velasquez de Silva is painting a portrait of King Philip IV and Queen Mariana as they are reflected from a mirror glass behind Las Meninas.The focus of sight of the self-portrait of Velasquez, the picture of the dwarf Maribarbola, the picture of the queen’s palace marshal Jose Nieto, and the picture of a guardadamas all suggest to me that it was the portrait of the royal couple that were the one really being painted by Velasquez in the front of the canvass that were hidden from us. Las Meninas is somewhat a snapshot of the painting session of Velasquez with the royal couple which is being viewed by their Infanta Margarita together with her court. Infanta Margarita is shown to be not focused with either the portrait being canvassed or the royal couple being painted.This could be caused by the offering of a jug of water by the queen’s maid of honour, Doà ±a Maria Agustina Sarmiento. The two lady servants are too focused with assisting Infanta Margarita. The male dwarf beside Maribarbola was then busy with play ing with a dog in front of them. The lady in waiting beside the guardadamas may be described in Las Meninas as being bored or sleepy. Though some were not focused with what Velasquez was working on, it is enough for me that Velasquez, Nieto, Maribarbola, and the Guardadamas was looking with the royal couple so as to conclude they were the one being painted by Velasquez.

Creating A Legal Taxonomy Of Privacy - 1271 Words

Differentiating Meanings of â€Å"Privacy† â€Å"Invasion of privacy† did not exist as a separate tort prior to the 20th century. In 1960, William Prosser described how privacy came to be established in tort law and how many distinct torts fit within it, including torts for intrusion, public disclosure of private facts, and placing a person in a false light. Daniel Solove builds off of Prosser’s work, constructing a legal taxonomy of privacy focused on information collection, information processing, information dissemination, and intrusion. As this thesis aims to gain insight into how privacy has evolved conceptually within the American court system, and particularly the Supreme Court, I aim to identify conceptual divisions of privacy in the†¦show more content†¦This ruling stands in stark contrast to the Court’s decision in 1914 in Weeks v. United States, which is largely considered a landmark case as the Court’s unanimous decision resu lted in the establishment of the â€Å"exclusionary rule† prohibiting the submission of evidence to court which was obtained illegally (i.e. in violation of the Fourth Amendment by being unreasonably seized without a warrant). In his dissent in Olmstead, Brandeis made an eloquent argument that the Fourth Amendment remains applicable in the case, as individuals should have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their conversations (which, in this instance, had been wiretapped by law enforcement officials targeting bootleggers violating the National Prohibition Act). Brandeis wrote: The makers of our Constitution undertook to secure conditions favorable to the pursuit of happiness. They recognized the significance of man’s spiritual nature, of his feelings and of his intellect. They knew that only a part of the pain, pleasure, and satisfactions of life are to be found in material things. They sought to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their emotions an d their sensations. They conferred, as against the government, the right to be let alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men. To protect